Gambling is the wagering of something of value, where instances of strategy are discounted, on an event whose outcome depends on chance. It involves risking money or property on an uncertain event whose outcome is determined by chance, such as a game of cards, a race, or a lottery. Some forms of gambling are legal in some countries, while others are not. People who gamble can be harmed physically, psychologically, socially, or financially.
There are different reasons why a person might gamble, including enjoying the thrill of winning, seeking social status and prestige, and escaping from everyday problems. But for many individuals, gambling becomes a serious problem and can even result in legal issues or bankruptcy. In addition, it can affect their physical and mental health, relationships with family members, work or school performance, or lead to addiction or homelessness.
The understanding of the adverse consequences of excessive gambling has undergone profound change. For most of its history, people who experienced them were viewed as gamblers with problems; today they are more likely to be seen as having psychological problems (or even disorders). This shift has been stimulated by the changing clinical classification and description of pathological gambling in the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Research into gambling has also been influenced by theories of personality and impulse control. Zuckerman’s theory of sensation-seeking suggests that individuals may be attracted to gambling for the positive reinforcement associated with states of high uncertainty and arousal. Cloninger’s theory of reward-seeking may also explain the attraction to gambling, suggesting that people enjoy it because it offers varied stimulation and pleasures.
It is estimated that about 2.5 million U.S. adults (1%) meet the diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling and another 5-8 million may have mild or moderate gambling problems. People with these problems are more likely to be male and older, and they tend to experience depression and anxiety. They are also more likely to have a family history of gambling disorder or other psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse and bipolar disorder.
If you are concerned that someone you know has a gambling problem, seek professional help. It’s important to frame the issue as a health matter rather than an inquiry into lifestyle; this can reduce resistance and help a person feel valued. Also, consider offering support–guilt and shame can prevent people from discussing their gambling habits with others. You can also encourage them to join a peer support group, such as Gamblers Anonymous, which is based on the 12-step recovery model of Alcoholics Anonymous. You can also offer to take over managing their finances, but only if you are confident that you can do so without them losing sight of their financial goals and future. Also, do not let your loved one’s gambling interfere with your relationship or cause you to feel resentment. This can make the situation worse and contribute to relapse.